Theories Underlying Marxism A Theory Of Tradition...

Theories underlying Marxism: †¢ Hegelian dialectic †¢ Diagram of Marxist conceptions †¢ Assumptions that are made in order to reach these conclusions The Labor Theory of Value is a theory of tradition Marxian economics which explains how the working class are exploited under capitalism and how capitalist society works. This theory explains that that the value of commodity is measured by the average hour needed to produce it. It was developed in Marx‘s â€Å"Capital† (1867). Marx is trying analyze the theory with a different perspective from other capitalist, still using principles of classical economics. He also stands closely to Ricardo concerning notion that rent is capture of productivity by landlords, they are not actively producing anything. He believed that his version can explain the value of all commodities, including the commodity that laborers sell to capitalists for a wage. Marx called this commodity labor power. He clarified that the labor power must depend on the number of work hours it takes society to accommodate, dress and feed the laborer that he would have a capacity to work. He claimed that owners in privileged position exploit workers, even though if they get paid the fair wage in some ways capitalist still pushes the laborers to work more time than it is actually needed to create the labor power of worker. Marx received criticism of this idea because it is vaguely explained, thus shows the weakness of its logic and underlying assumptions. Marx believed that

Morality And Money Stem Cell Research - 990 Words

Linda Starnes WRC 1023 Professor Timothy Braun January 23, 2016 Morality and Money: Stem Cell Research In 2001, with 22 human embryonic stem cell lines established, President George W. Bush signed legislation which prevented new, additional stem cell lines from being created and tightened restrictions on federal stem cell research funding. This legislation effectively constrained human embryonic stem cell research until 2009, when President Barack Obama reversed Bush’s legislation and relaxed the funding criteria. There are now 195 human embryonic stem cell lines being researched today. The current era of innovative research will likely change, however, if the political climate reverts back to a conservative â€Å"pro-life† rhetoric with the coming election. This would be disastrous for scientists performing stem cell research, and the voting public should not allow this to happen by selecting a candidate who unequivocally supports human embryonic stem cell research. Stem cells have been isolated and used for decades to treat a vari ety of diseases. Since 1968, bone marrow transplants have been performed because the stem cells found in the marrow stimulate the creation of healthy cells, which combat and hopefully eradicate diseased cells (Chen, et al). The reason scientists initially had so much interest in human embryonic stem cells is because these cells have the capacity to develop into an unlimited variety of human cells. By using human embryonic stemShow MoreRelatedEssay Government Funding of Stem Cell Research775 Words   |  4 Pagesvoters was the battle over embryonic stem cell research. In the weeks leading up to the election, polls were indicating that 47 percent of Bush supporters agreed that the destruction of embryo cells is unethical; however, 53 percent of Bush voters supported stem cell research. The overwhelming majority of Kerry backers also supported stem cell research, indicating that the majority of American voters support stem cell research. Embryonic stem cell research, while still in its infancy, has theRead MoreFederal Funds Should Be Used for Embryonic Stem Cell Research1401 Words   |  6 PagesAre embryonic stem cells the cure to many of the human body’s ailments, including defective organs and crippling diseases, or is their use a blatant disregard of human rights and the value of life?   Thanks to the rapid advancements in this field, the potential benefits of stem cells are slowly becoming reality.   However, embryonic stem cell research is an extremely divisive topic in the United States thanks to the ethical issues surrounding terminating embryos to harvest the stem cells.   In responseRead More The Government should NOT Fund Stem Cell Research Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government should NOT Fund Stem Cell Research Stem cells look to be nothing more than a hollow sphere composed of a clump of tiny, roundish balls. In reality, they are much more than that. Those 40 cells contain all the potential to become a living, breathing human being. Many scientists believe that these cells also have the potential to cure a myriad of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, and many others. The cells of the four day old human embryoRead MoreCell Research : Stem Cell Therapy1095 Words   |  5 Pagestime I heard about stem cell research, but I remember when it first stood out to me was when quarterback Peyton Manning went over to Europe to get stem cell therapy done on his neck to prevent him from getting surgery done. Stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell. Stem cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are non-specialized cells which have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the bodyRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Extraordinary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases is believed, by many experts, to lie behind the curtain of stem cell research. Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research;Read MoreEmbryonic Stem Cell Research - in Vitro Fertilization1051 Words   |  5 PagesIn vitro fertilization and human embryonic stem cell research are two of the most popular and controversial topics that are being discussed today. Lee Silver, from the film defines in vitro fertilization as: [T]ak[ing] the process of reproduction out of the darkness of the womb, into the light of the laboratory. And all of the sudden you can do anything you want with these human embryos and eggs, which couldn t be done before (Holt). The real question regarding all of the varying opinions andRead MoreWe Must First Ask, What Is Bioethics?2253 Words   |  10 Pagesasks if they MAY, and morality asks if they SHOULD conduct such experiments. Bioethics is the theory surrounding these 3 questions, and whether the answer to any of the 3 be a yes or no, it’s hard to find any one experiment that does not have its controversial debates pertaining either the legality, or morality in nature. Scientists who have focused on stem cell research have had an ongoing ethical battle. For example, in the article â€Å"Saving Superman: Ethics and Stem Cell Research,† an article focusedRead MorePros And Cons Of Cloning909 Words   |  4 Pagesof an adult’s human cells into a unfertilized human egg and then stimulate it to begin dividing like an embryo. Lab workers then destroy the developing embryo to yield the undifferentiated stem cells, which are capable of becoming specialized cells, like heart, muscle, and brain neurons It could either produce new information and wealth or it can cause an ethical and moral nightmare. Twenty states in the United States have filed bills this year to ban all cloning of human cells, with penalties ofRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research2004 Words   |  9 Pagesthe use of stem cells. Stem Cells are defined as a â€Å"special cells that have the ability to divide for an indefinite period and can give rise to a wider variety of specialized cell types† (Panno 1). This ability to conform and grow into specialized cells is a great concept in the fight against diseases that completely destroy certain types of cell and thereby there functions to the body. These stem cells can be taken from different parts of the body ranging from embryos, adults cells, umbilicalRead MoreFederal Funding for Stem Cell Research2053 Words   |  8 PagesFunding for Stem Cell Research Stem cells have become a subject of much interest and debate in politics, the scientific and religious communities of the United States of America and the world over. So what exactly is a stem cell? Well basically they are cells in the human body that exist in a sort of neutral state. They are the blank canvasses of the cellular world. What I mean is that they can go on to become many different types of cells in the human body. What might start off as a stem cell

Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays

Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples

The dash that is my life free essay sample

It was not the first time I had walked through the neutral painted halls that contained soft floral printed furniture sets and old antique tables and dressers lined up against the walls. It was also not the first time that I had introduced myself to Rose, a current resident of this living facility but unfortunately in her mind this was the first recollection of our encounters. Every Monday for a service project my classmates and I would take a field trip during our third period class to the Cedar Ridge Alzheimer’s Home located just three minutes from our high school. As my classmates proceeded through the plain hallways of Cedar Ridge and cattle herded to the cafeteria, I decided to veer off and take slower steps on our first visit. Looking around the residence I noticed it resembled more of a giant play pin than an actual living facility. Every window was safely secured, every door way was fasted by a combination keypad and the floors seemed to be made of softer flooring to e nsure maxim safety. We will write a custom essay sample on The dash that is my life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I eventually ended up in a quiet living room located in the corner of the building and at the time only one resident was occupying it. I decided to suck it up, exit my comfort zone and I sat down next to her. Her name was Rose; she had two kids and too many grandkids to count. She didn’t seem to realize where she was at so I made no questions concerning it. I learned that she enjoyed cooking and movies and she was a previous model. I had found while she was coloring an ages 4 and up coloring book so I asked her only a few questions until she finished. Satisfied with her work, she wanted to hang it up in her room so we got up and began out tour around the lot. Slowly walking arm in arm the first half of our tour was spent in silence, in which I just observed the different rooms and the different glimpse of vibes from each room. As I strolled past the lunch room all that could be seen was the staff feeding the some of the residents and my classmates conversing with the patien ts that still had the use of their voices. Further down was the entrance of the courtyard which was occupied by the staff strolling out the patients in their wheelchairs and walkers. The further we walked the more thoughts of my childhood arose; these were scenarios that mimicked my own memories of being an infant. The fears of my future fluttered and clouded my thoughts. I caught myself wondering if I was doomed to relive my memories and ultimately end up where I once began. Thankfully Rose grabbed my hand and pulled me out of my trance; still walking we looped around walked back to where we started. When I used this analogy in reference to my life it didn’t seem so bad. Walking backwards seemed natural and inevitable. I decided that I wouldn’t focus on my birthday or my death date. I would zone in on that space in between those dates. That space that cannot be signified by a single date but it can only be represented as the dash. The dash that holds the memories and experiences that is my life.